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<title>Council of Chalcedon</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Council of Chalcedon</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Council of Chalcedon</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Fourth Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon</i>, 1876 painting by <a href="Vasily_Surikov" title="Vasily Surikov">Vasily Surikov</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">8 October – <span class="nowrap">1 November 451</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Accepted by</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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<ul><li><a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989287–289_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989287–289-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989287–289_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989287–289-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Churches</a></li>

<li><a href="Anglican_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Church">Anglican Churches</a></li>

<li><a href="Reformed_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Church">Reformed Churches</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Previous council</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Next council</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Convoked by</th><td class="infobox-data">Emperor <a href="Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist">

<ul><li><a href="Anatolius_of_Constantinople" title="Anatolius of Constantinople">Patriarch Anatolius of Constantinople</a> and a board of government officials led by Consul <a href="Anatolius_(consul_440)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolius (consul 440)">Anatolius</a><hr></li>

<li>Formal presidency: <a href="Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">legates</a> of <a href="Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a> (Julian of Cos, Paschasinus of Lilybaeum, Lucentius of Asculanum, presbyters Boniface and Basil)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Attendance</th><td class="infobox-data">About 520 bishops or representatives</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Topics</th><td class="infobox-data">The judgements issued at the <a href="Second_Council_of_Ephesus" title="Second Council of Ephesus">Second Council of Ephesus</a>, alleged offences of Bishop <a href="Pope_Dioscorus_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria">Dioscorus of Alexandria</a>, the definition of the <a href="Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead</a> and <a href="Christology" title="Christology">manhood of Christ</a>, many disputes involving particular bishops and sees</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Documents and statements</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Chalcedonian_Creed" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcedonian Creed">Chalcedonian Creed</a>, 28 canons</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:2px solid lightgreen;"><a href="Ecumenical_council#List_of_ecumenical_councils" title="Ecumenical council">Chronological list of ecumenical councils</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:140%;"><a href="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Mosaic of <a href="Christ_Pantocrator" title="Christ Pantocrator">Christ Pantocrator</a>, <a href="Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold">

Overview</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Structure</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Theology</a> (<a href="History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology">History of theology</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Liturgy</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Church history</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacrament#Eastern_Orthodoxy_and_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="Sacrament">Holy Mysteries</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">View of Salvation</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Icon#Eastern_Orthodox_teaching" title="Icon">View of icons</a></li></ul>

</div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> / <a href="Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a> / <a href="Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension<br>of Jesus</a></div></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li>

<li><a href="Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four Marks of the Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li></ul>

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</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Autonomy_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)" title="Autonomy (Eastern Orthodoxy)">Autonomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">Autocephaly</a></li>

<li><a href="Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchate</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch</a></li>

<li><a href="Episcopal_polity#Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal polity</a></li>

<li><a href="Canon_law_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Canon law</a></li>

<li><a href="Clergy#Orthodoxy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a></li>

<li><a href="Bishop_(Eastern_Orthodox_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Eastern Orthodox Church)">Bishops</a></li>

<li><a href="Priesthood_(Orthodox_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood (Orthodox Church)">Priests</a></li>

<li><a href="Deacon#Eastern_Orthodoxy_and_Eastern_Catholicism" title="Deacon">Deacons</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Christian_monasticism#Byzantine_monasticism" title="Eastern Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Degrees_of_Eastern_Orthodox_monasticism" title="Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism">Degrees</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Orthodox_brotherhood" title="Orthodox brotherhood">Bratstvo</a></li></ul>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">Autocephalous</a> jurisdictions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Autocephalous Churches who are officially part of the communion:

<ul><li><a href="Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch">Antioch</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbia</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgaria</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_of_Cyprus" title="Church of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish_Orthodox_Church" title="Polish Orthodox Church">Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Albanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Albanian Orthodox Church">Albania</a></li>

<li><a href="Orthodox_Church_of_the_Czech_Lands_and_Slovakia" title="Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia">Czech Lands and Slovakia</a></li></ul>

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<p>Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches <i>de jure</i>:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">America</a></li>

<li><a href="Macedonian_Orthodox_Church" title="Macedonian Orthodox Church">North Macedonia</a></li></ul>

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<p>Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Ukraine (OCU)</a></li></ul>

<p>Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukraine (UOC)</a></li></ul>

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<p><br>

</p>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomous</a> jurisdictions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Church_of_Sinai" title="Church of Sinai">Sinai (JP)</a></li>

<li><a href="Orthodox_Church_of_Finland" title="Orthodox Church of Finland">Finland (EP)</a></li>

<li><a href="Estonian_Apostolic_Orthodox_Church" title="Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church">Estonia (EP)</a></li>

<li><a href="Orthodox_Church_in_Japan" title="Orthodox Church in Japan">Japan (MP)</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_Orthodox_Church" title="Chinese Orthodox Church">China (MP)</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanian_Orthodox_Metropolis_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Orthodox Metropolis of the Americas">Americas (RP)</a></li>

<li><a href="Metropolis_of_Bessarabia" title="Metropolis of Bessarabia">Bessarabia (RP)</a></li>

<li><a href="Metropolis_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_and_All_Moldova" title="Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova">Moldova (MP)</a></li></ul>

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<p>Semi-Autonomous:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Church_of_Crete" title="Church of Crete">Crete (EP)</a></li>

<li><a href="Estonian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Moscow_Patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate">Estonia (MP)</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia">ROCOR (MP)</a></li></ul>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Episcopal assemblies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Australia%2C_New_Zealand%2C_and_Oceania" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania">Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania</a></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Austria" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Austria">Austria</a></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Belgium%2C_Holland%2C_and_Luxembourg" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg">Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Canada" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_France" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of France">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Germany" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Germany">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain and Ireland</a></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Italy_and_Malta" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Italy and Malta">Italy and Malta</a></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Latin_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Latin America">Latin America</a></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Scandinavia" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Spain_and_Portugal" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Spain and Portugal">Spain and Portugal</a></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Switzerland_and_Liechtenstein" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Switzerland and Liechtenstein">Switzerland and Liechtenstein</a></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the United States of America">United States of America</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Noncanonical jurisdictions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="True_Orthodox_church" title="True Orthodox church">True Orthodoxy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Catacomb_Church" title="Catacomb Church">Catacomb Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Calendarists" title="Old Calendarists">Old Calendarists</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="American_Orthodox_Catholic_Church" title="American Orthodox Catholic Church">American Orthodox Catholic Church</a></li>

<li><a href="American_World_Patriarchates" title="American World Patriarchates">American World Patriarchs</a></li></ul>

</div>

<ul><li><a href="Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church#Churches_that_are_unrecognized" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">National</a> churches:</li></ul>

<ul><li><ul><li><a href="Abkhazian_Orthodox_Church" title="Abkhazian Orthodox Church">Abkhazia</a></li>

<li><a href="Belarusian_Autocephalous_Orthodox_Church" title="Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church">Belarus</a></li>

<li><a href="Orthodox_Church_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Church in Italy">Italy</a></li>

<li><a href="Latvian_Orthodox_Church" title="Latvian Orthodox Church">Latvia</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Montenegro" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li>

<li><a href="Autocephalous_Turkish_Orthodox_Patriarchate" title="Autocephalous Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate">Turkey</a></li>

</div>

<ul><li><a href="Evangelical_Orthodox_Church" title="Evangelical Orthodox Church">Evangelical Orthodox</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First Seven Ecumenical Councils</a>:</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Constantinople II</a></li>

<li><a href="Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Constantinople III</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Nicaea II</a></li></ul>

</div>

<ul><li>Other possible ecumenical councils:</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Eastern_Orthodox)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)">Constantinople IV</a></li>

<li><a href="Fifth_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Fifth Council of Constantinople">Constantinople V</a></li></ul>

</div>

<ul><li>Other important councils:</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Quinisext_Council" title="Quinisext Council">Quinisext Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Synod_of_Jassy" title="Synod of Jassy">Jassy</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Moscow_Synod" title="Great Moscow Synod">Moscow</a></li>

<li><a href="Synod_of_Jerusalem_(1672)" title="Synod of Jerusalem (1672)">Jerusalem</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Constantinople_(1872)" title="Council of Constantinople (1872)">Constantinople (1872)</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li>

<li><a href="Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Georgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization of Bulgaria</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus'" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a></li>

<li><a href="East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li>

<li>Moscow–Constantinople schism

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology">History of Eastern Orthodox theology</a>

<ul><li>(<a href="History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology_in_the_20th_century" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology in the 20th century">20th century (Neo-Palamism)</a>)</li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophaticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Chrismation" title="Chrismation">Chrismation</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Contemplative prayer</a></li>

<li><a href="Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence vs. Energies</a></li>

<li><a href="Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li>

<li><a href="Trinity" title="Trinity">Holy Trinity</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li>

<li><a href="Icon" title="Icon">Icons</a></li>

<li><a href="Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Mystical_theology#Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Mystical theology">Mystical theology</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li>

<li><a href="Nepsis" title="Nepsis">Nepsis</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Economy_(religion)" title="Economy (religion)">Oikonomia</a></i> vs <i><a href="Akribeia" title="Akribeia">Akribeia</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Ousia" title="Ousia">Ousia</a></li>

<li><a href="Palamism" title="Palamism">Palamism</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></i></li></ul>

</div>

<ul><li><a href="Theological_differences_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Theological differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church">Differences from the Catholic Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Orthodox_teaching_regarding_the_Filioque" title="Eastern Orthodox teaching regarding the Filioque">Opposition to the Filioque</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Opposition to papal supremacy</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Liturgy and worship</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li>

<li><a href="Divine_Service_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Service (Eastern Orthodoxy)">Divine Services</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Akathist" title="Akathist">Akathist</a></li>

<li><a href="Apolytikion" title="Apolytikion">Apolytikion</a></li>

<li><a href="Artos" title="Artos">Artos</a></li>

<li><a href="Ectenia" title="Ectenia">Ectenia</a></li>

<li><a href="Euchologion" title="Euchologion">Euchologion</a></li>

<li><a href="Holy_water_in_Eastern_Christianity" title="Holy water in Eastern Christianity">Holy Water</a></li>

<li><a href="Iconostasis" title="Iconostasis">Iconostasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Jesus_Prayer" title="Jesus Prayer">Jesus Prayer</a></li>

<li><a href="Aprakos" title="Aprakos">Aprakos</a></li>

<li><a href="Kontakion" title="Kontakion">Kontakion</a></li>

<li><a href="Entrance_(liturgical)" title="Entrance (liturgical)">Liturgical entrances</a></li>

<li><a href="Liturgical_fan_in_Eastern_Christianity" title="Liturgical fan in Eastern Christianity">Liturgical fans</a></li>

<li><a href="Memorial_service_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Memorial service in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Memorial service</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_Eternal" title="Memory Eternal">Memory Eternal</a></li>

<li><a href="Omophorion" title="Omophorion">Omophorion</a></li>

<li><a href="Bowing_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Bowing in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox bowing</a></li>

<li><a href="Marriage_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Marriage in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox marriage</a></li>

<li><a href="Praxis_(Byzantine_Rite)" title="Praxis (Byzantine Rite)">Praxis</a></li>

<li><a href="Paraklesis" title="Paraklesis">Paraklesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Paschal_greeting" title="Paschal greeting">Paschal greeting</a></li>

<li><a href="Paschal_Homily" title="Paschal Homily">Paschal Homily</a></li>

<li><a href="Paschal_troparion" title="Paschal troparion">Paschal troparion</a></li>

<li><a href="Prayer_rope" title="Prayer rope">Prayer rope</a></li>

<li><a href="Prosphora" title="Prosphora">Prosphora</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing" title="Russian Orthodox bell ringing">Russian bell ringing</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantron" title="Semantron">Semantron</a></li>

<li><a href="Sign_of_the_cross#Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li>

<li><a href="Sticheron" title="Sticheron">Sticheron</a></li>

<li><a href="Troparion" title="Troparion">Troparion</a></li>

<li><a href="Vestment#Byzantine_Rite" title="Vestment">Vestments</a></li>

<li><a href="Thurible#Byzantine_Rite" title="Thurible">Use of incense</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">Liturgical calendar</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Paschal_cycle" title="Paschal cycle">Paschal cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_feasts_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Great feasts in the Eastern Orthodox Church">12 Great Feasts</a></li>

<li>Other feasts:</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Feast_of_Orthodoxy" title="Feast of Orthodoxy">Feast of Orthodoxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Intercession_of_the_Theotokos" title="Intercession of the Theotokos">Intercession of the Theotokos</a></li></ul>

</div>

<ul><li>The four fasting periods:</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Great Lent</a></li>

<li><a href="Apostles'_Fast" title="Apostles' Fast">Apostles' Fast</a></li>

<li><a href="Dormition_Fast" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormition Fast">Dormition Fast</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><a href="List_of_Eastern_Orthodox_saints" title="List of Eastern Orthodox saints">Saints</a> (<a href="List_of_Russian_saints_(until_15th_century)" title="List of Russian saints (until 15th century)">Russian (until 15th century)</a>, <a href="List_of_saints_in_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="List of saints in the Russian Orthodox Church">Russian (post-15th century)</a>, <a href="List_of_saints_of_the_Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="List of saints of the Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a>, <a href="List_of_American_Eastern_Orthodox_saints" title="List of American Eastern Orthodox saints">American</a>)

<ul><li><a href="Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li>

<li><a href="Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li>

<li><a href="Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephraim the Syrian</a></li>

<li><a href="Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li>

<li><a href="Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li>

<li><a href="Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li>

<li><a href="Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li>

<li><a href="John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodore_the_Studite" title="Theodore the Studite">Theodore the Studite</a></li>

<li><a href="Kassia" title="Kassia">Kassia</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyril_and_Methodius" title="Cyril and Methodius">Cyril and Methodius</a></li>

<li><a href="Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius I of Constantinople</a></li>

<li><a href="Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir the Great</a></li>

<li><a href="Saint_Sava" title="Saint Sava">Sava I of Serbia</a></li>

<li><a href="Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Gregory Palamas</a></li>

<li><a href="Innocent_of_Alaska" title="Innocent of Alaska">Innocent of Alaska</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Eastern_Orthodox_church_architecture" title="Eastern Orthodox church architecture">Architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Encyclical_of_the_Eastern_Patriarchs" title="Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs">Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Orthodox_cross" title="Russian Orthodox cross">Cross</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Eastern_Orthodox_saint_titles" title="List of Eastern Orthodox saint titles">Saint titles</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Orthodoxy_by_country" title="Eastern Orthodoxy by country">Statistics by country</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

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<table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:20em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a><br>of the <a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><div class="sidebar-caption">Renaissance depiction of the Council of Trent</div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #FFCC99">

4th–5th centuries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I (325)</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I (381)</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus (431)</a></li>

</ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #FFCC99">

6th–9th centuries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Constantinople II (553)</a></li>

<li><a href="Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Constantinople III (680–681)</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Nicaea II (787)</a></li>

<li><a href="Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Constantinople IV (869–870)</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #FFCC99">

12th–14th centuries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">Lateran I (1123)</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Lateran II (1139)</a></li>

<li><a href="Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Lateran III (1179)</a></li>

<li><a href="Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV (1215)</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Vienne (1311–1312)</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #FFCC99">

15th–16th centuries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Council_of_Constance" title="Council of Constance">Constance (1414–1418)</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Basel-Ferrara-Florence (1431–1445)</a></li>

<li><a href="Fifth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fifth Council of the Lateran">Lateran V (1512–1517)</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent (1545–1563)</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #FFCC99">

19th–20th centuries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I (1869–1870)</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II (1962–1965)</a></li></ul></td>

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<p>The <b>Council of Chalcedon</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</span></span>; <a href="Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Concilium Chalcedonense</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the fourth <a href="Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical council</a> of the Christian Church. It was convoked by the <a href="List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Roman emperor</a> <a href="Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a>. The council convened in the city of <a href="Chalcedon" title="Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a>, <a href="Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a> (modern-day <a href="Kad%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kadıköy">Kadıköy</a>, <a href="Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>) from 8 October to 1 November 451.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The council was attended by over 520 bishops or their representatives, making it the largest and best-documented of the <a href="First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">first seven ecumenical councils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principal purpose of the council was to re-assert the teachings of the ecumenical <a href="Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> against the teachings of <a href="Eutyches" title="Eutyches">Eutyches</a> and <a href="Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such doctrines viewed <a href="Christology" title="Christology">Christ's divine and human natures</a> as separate (<a href="Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a>) or viewed Christ as solely divine (<a href="Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">monophysitism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agenda">Agenda</h2></div>

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</style><div class="locmap noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:282px"><div style="position:relative;width:280px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.304%;left:66.9%;font-size:100%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Chalcedon"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div><b>Chalcedon</b></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption">Chalcedon marked on a map of the Istanbul region</div></div></div><p>

The ruling of the council stated:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">

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</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We all teach harmoniously [that he is] the same perfect in godhead, the same perfect in manhood, truly God and truly man, the same of a reasonable soul and body; <a href="Homoousion" title="Homoousion">homoousios</a> with the Father in godhead, and the same homoousios with us in manhood ... acknowledged in two natures without confusion, without change, without division, without separation.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>Whilst this judgment marked a significant turning point in the <a href="Christological" class="mw-redirect" title="Christological">Christological</a> debates,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it also generated heated disagreements between the council and the <a href="Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a> Church, who did not agree with such conduct or proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This disagreement would later cause the <a href="Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a> and the <a href="Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian churches</a> to schism, and led to the council being regarded as <i>Chalcedon, the Ominous</i> by the <a href="Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysites</a><i>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The council's other responsibilities included addressing controversy, dealing with issues such as ecclesiastical discipline and jurisdiction,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and approving <a href="Creed" title="Creed">statements of belief</a> such as the <a href="Creed_of_Nicaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Creed of Nicaea">Creed of Nicaea</a> (325), the <a href="Creed_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Creed of Constantinople">Creed of Constantinople</a> (381, subsequently known as the <a href="Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>), two letters of <a href="St._Cyril_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Cyril of Alexandria">St. Cyril of Alexandria</a> against <a href="Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a>, and the <a href="Leo's_Tome" title="Leo's Tome">Tome of Pope Leo I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a> of the <a href="Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> may be called "<a href="Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">non-Ephesine</a>" for not accepting the Council of Ephesus, but did finally gather to ratify the Council of Chalcedon at the Synod of Mar <a href="Aba_I" title="Aba I">Aba I</a> in 544.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989287–289_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989287–289-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the 1994 <a href="Common_Christological_Declaration_Between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Common Christological Declaration Between the Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East">Common Christological Declaration</a> between the Chalcedonian Catholic Church and the Nestorian <a href="Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>, the <a href="Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> and the Catholic Church each accepted and confessed the same doctrine of <a href="Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

<p>In 325, the first ecumenical council (<a href="First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a>) determined that Jesus Christ was God, "<a href="Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">consubstantial</a>" with the Father, and rejected the <a href="Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian contention</a> that Jesus was a created being. This was reaffirmed at the <a href="First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a> (381) and the <a href="First_Council_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Ephesus">First Council of Ephesus</a> (431).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eutychian_controversy">Eutychian controversy</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Eutyches" title="Eutyches">Eutyches</a></div>

<p>About two years after <a href="Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a>'s death in 444, an aged <a href="Monk" title="Monk">monk</a> from Constantinople named <a href="Eutyches" title="Eutyches">Eutyches</a> began teaching a subtle variation on the traditional Christology in an attempt to stop what he saw as a new outbreak of <a href="Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He claimed to be a faithful follower of Cyril's teaching, which was declared orthodox in the Union of 433.

</p><p>Cyril had taught that "There is only one <i>physis</i>, since it is the Incarnation, of God the Word." It was argued by <a href="Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a> that due to potential ambiguity between the various Greek terms and their Latin equivalents, in addition to the energy and imprudence with which he asserted his opinions, Eutyches was misunderstood, and many believed that he was advocating <a href="Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a>, a sort of reversal of <a href="Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> – where Arius had denied the <a href="Consubstantial" class="mw-redirect" title="Consubstantial">consubstantial</a> divinity of <a href="Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, Eutyches seemed to be denying that Jesus was fully human.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a> wrote that Eutyches' error seemed to be more from a lack of skill than from malice.

</p><p>Eutyches had been accusing various personages of covert Nestorianism. In November 448, <a href="Flavian_of_Constantinople" title="Flavian of Constantinople">Flavian, Bishop of Constantinople</a> held a local synod regarding a point of discipline connected with the province of <a href="Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a>. At the end of the session of this synod one of those inculpated, <a href="Eusebius_of_Dorylaeum" title="Eusebius of Dorylaeum">Eusebius, Bishop of Dorylaeum</a>, brought a counter charge of heresy against the <a href="Archimandrite" title="Archimandrite">archimandrite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eusebius demanded that Eutyches be removed from office. Flavian preferred that the bishop and the archimandrite sort out their differences, but as his suggestion went unheeded, Eutyches was summoned to clarify his position regarding the nature of Christ. Eventually, Eutyches reluctantly appeared, but his position was considered to be theologically unsophisticated, and the synod finding his answers unresponsive condemned and exiled him.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flavian sent a full account to Pope Leo I. Although it had been accidentally delayed, Leo wrote a compendious explanation of the whole doctrine involved, and sent it to Flavian as a formal and authoritative decision of the question.<sup id="cite_ref-chapman_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chapman-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Eutyches appealed against the decision, labeling Flavian a Nestorian, and received the support of <a href="Pope_Dioscorus_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria">Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria</a>. <a href="John_Anthony_McGuckin" class="mw-redirect" title="John Anthony McGuckin">John Anthony McGuckin</a> sees an "innate rivalry" between the Sees of Alexandria and Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dioscurus, imitating his predecessors in assuming a primacy over Constantinople, held his own synod which annulled the sentence of Flavian, and absolved Eutyches after he claimed to have repented.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latrocinium_of_Ephesus">Latrocinium of Ephesus</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Second_Council_of_Ephesus" title="Second Council of Ephesus">Second Council of Ephesus</a></div>

<p>Through the influence of the court official Chrysaphius, godson of Eutyches, in 449, the competing claims between the Patriarchs of Constantinople and Alexandria led Emperor <a href="Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a> to call a <a href="Second_Council_of_Ephesus" title="Second Council of Ephesus">council</a> which was held in <a href="Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> in 449,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Dioscorus presiding.

</p><p>Pope Leo sent four legates to represent him and expressed his regret that the shortness of the notice must prevent the presence of any other bishop of the West.<sup id="cite_ref-chapman_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chapman-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He provided his legates, one of whom died en route, with a letter addressed to Flavian explaining Rome's position in the controversy. Leo's letter, now known as <a href="Leo's_Tome" title="Leo's Tome">Leo's Tome</a>, confessed that Christ had two natures, and was not of or from two natures.<sup id="cite_ref-SevenCouncils_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SevenCouncils-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On August 8, 449 the <a href="Second_Council_of_Ephesus" title="Second Council of Ephesus">Second Council of Ephesus</a> began its first session. The Acts of the first session of this synod were read at the Council of Chalcedon, 451, and are thus preserved. The remainder of the Acts (the first session being wanting) are known through a Syriac translation by a Miaphysite monk, written in the year 535 and published from a manuscript in the British Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-jchap_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jchap-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, there are somewhat different interpretations as to what actually transpired. The question before the council by order of the emperor was whether Flavian, in a synod held by him at Constantinople in November, 448, had justly deposed and excommunicated the Archimandrite Eutyches for refusing to admit two natures in Christ.

</p><p>Dioscorus began the council by banning all members of the November 448 synod which had deposed Eutyches from sitting as judges. He then introduced Eutyches who publicly professed that while Christ had two natures before the incarnation, the two natures had merged to form a single nature after the incarnation. Of the 130 assembled bishops, 111 voted to rehabilitate Eutyches.

</p><p>Throughout these proceedings, <a href="Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilary</a> (one of the papal legates) repeatedly called for the reading of Leo's Tome, but was ignored. The Eastern Orthodox Church has very different accounts of The Second Council of Ephesus. Pope Dioscorus requested deferring reading of Leo's Tome, as it was not seen as necessary to start with, and could be read later. This was seen as a rebuke to the representatives from the Church of Rome not reading the Tome from the start.

</p><p>Not having wanted for the <a href="Leo's_Tome" title="Leo's Tome">letter</a> to be read aloud for this reason, Dioscorus was then forced to depose Flavian of Constantinople and Eusebius of Dorylaeum on the grounds that they taught the Word having two distinct hypostases, in contrast to Cyril's teachings. According to Chalcedonian accounts, when Flavian and Hilary objected, Dioscorus called for a mob to enter the church which assaulted Flavian as he clung to the altar; other accounts blame one monk, <a href="Barsauma_(died_456)" title="Barsauma (died 456)">Barsauma</a>, and others yet blame Dioscorus himself. Flavian would die three days later. Other sources, however, implicate <a href="Pulcheria" title="Pulcheria">Empress Pulcheria</a> and <a href="Anatolius_of_Constantinople" title="Anatolius of Constantinople">Anatolius of Constantinople</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it would not be realistic for a murder witnessed by many bishops and patriarchs at a major council to go unmentioned, and Flavian himself has letters to Leo <i>after</i> the council that make no mention of such events.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The papal legates refused to attend the second session at which several more bishops were deposed, including Ibas of Edessa, Irenaeus of Tyre, Domnus of Antioch, and Theodoret. Dioscorus then had Cyril of Alexandria's Twelve Anathemas declared orthodox<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the intent of condemning any confession other than Cyril's one-nature formula.

</p><p>According to a letter to the Empress <a href="Pulcheria" title="Pulcheria">Pulcheria</a> collected among the letters of Leo I, Hilary apologized for not delivering to her the pope's letter after the synod, but owing to Dioscurus, who tried to hinder his going either to Rome or to Constantinople, he had great difficulty in making his escape in order to bring to the pontiff the news of the result of the council.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hilary, who later became pope and dedicated an oratory in the <a href="Lateran_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateran Basilica">Lateran Basilica</a> in thanks for his life,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> managed to escape from Constantinople and brought news of the council to Leo who immediately dubbed it a "synod of robbers" – <a href="Latrocinium" title="Latrocinium">Latrocinium</a> – and refused to accept its pronouncements. The decisions of this council now threatened <a href="Schism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schism (religion)">schism</a> between the East and the West.

</p><p>The claims that bishops being forced to approve actions, were challenged by Pope Dioscorus and the Egyptian Bishops at Chalcedon.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Convocation_and_session">Convocation and session</h2></div>

<p>The situation continued to deteriorate, with Leo demanding the convocation of a new council and Emperor Theodosius II refusing to budge, all the while appointing bishops in agreement with Dioscorus. All this changed dramatically with the Emperor's death and the elevation of <a href="Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a> to the imperial throne. To resolve the simmering tensions, Marcian announced his intention to hold a new council to set aside the 449 Second Council of Ephesus which was named the "Latrocinium"<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "Robber Council" by Pope Leo. <a href="Pulcheria" title="Pulcheria">Pulcheria</a>, the sister of Theodosius, may have influenced this decision, or even made the convention of a council a requirement during her negotiations with <a href="Aspar" title="Aspar">Aspar</a>, the <a href="Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">magister militum</a>, to marry Marcian.

</p><p>Leo had pressed for it to take place in <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, but Emperor Marcian instead called for it to convene at Chalcedon, because it was closer to Constantinople, and would thus allow him to respond quickly to any events along the Danube, which was being raided by the Huns under <a href="Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a>.

</p><p>The council opened on 8 October 451. Marcian had the bishops deposed by Dioscorus returned to their dioceses and had the body of Flavian brought to the capital to be buried honorably. The Emperor asked Leo to preside over the council, but Leo again chose to send legates in his place. This time, Bishops Paschasinus of <a href="Lilybaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilybaeum">Lilybaeum</a> and Julian of Cos and two priests Boniface and Basil represented the western church at the council. The council was attended by about 520 bishops or their representatives and was the largest and best-documented of the <a href="First_seven_Ecumenical_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="First seven Ecumenical Councils">first seven ecumenical councils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the sessions were held in the church of <a href="St._Euphemia" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Euphemia">St. Euphemia</a>, Martyr, outside the city and directly opposite Constantinople. As to the number of sessions held by the Council of Chalcedon there is a great discrepancy in the various texts of the Acts, also in the ancient historians of the council. Either the respective manuscripts must have been incomplete; or the historians passed over in silence several sessions held for secondary purposes. According to the deacon Rusticus, there were in all sixteen sessions; this division is commonly accepted by scholars, including <a href="Karl_Josef_von_Hefele" title="Karl Josef von Hefele">Karl Josef von Hefele</a>, historian of the councils. If all the separate meetings were counted, there would be twenty-one sessions; several of these meetings, however, are considered as supplementary to preceding sessions.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaefer_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaefer-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Paschasinus refused to give Dioscorus (who had excommunicated Leo leading up to the council) a seat at the council. As a result, he was moved to the nave of the church. Paschasinus further ordered the reinstatement of Theodoret and that he be given a seat, but this move caused such an uproar among the council fathers, that Theodoret also sat in the nave, though he was given a vote in the proceedings, which began with a trial of Dioscorus. <a href="Ibas_of_Edessa" title="Ibas of Edessa">Ibas of Edessa</a>, was also declared to be orthodox according to the contents of his letter which were read during the minutes of the Council of Chalcedon.

</p><p>Marcian wished to bring proceedings to a speedy end, and asked the council to make a pronouncement on the doctrine of the Incarnation before continuing the trial. The council fathers, however, felt that no new creed was necessary, and that the doctrine had been laid out clearly in Leo's Tome.<sup id="cite_ref-SevenCouncils_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SevenCouncils-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were also hesitant to write a new creed as the <a href="Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">First Council of Ephesus</a> had forbidden the composition or use of any new creed. Aetius, deacon of Constantinople then read Cyril's letter to Nestorius, and a second letter to John of Antioch. The bishops responded, "We all so believe: Pope Leo thus believes ... we all thus believe. As Cyril so believe we, all of us: eternal be the memory of Cyril: as the epistles of Cyril teach such is our mind, such has been our faith: such is our faith: this is the mind of Archbishop Leo, so he believes, so he has written."<sup id="cite_ref-sourcebook_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sourcebook-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Beronician, clerk of the consistory, then read from a book handed him by Aetius, the synodical letter of Leo to Flavian (Leo's Tome). After the reading of the letter, the bishops cried out: "This is the faith of the fathers, this is the faith of the Apostles. So we all believe, thus the orthodox believe. ... Peter has spoken thus through Leo. So taught the Apostles. Piously and truly did Leo teach, so taught Cyril. Everlasting be the memory of Cyril. Leo and Cyril taught the same thing, ... This is the true faith ... This is the faith of the fathers. Why were not these things read at Ephesus?"<sup id="cite_ref-sourcebook_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sourcebook-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>However, during the reading of Leo's Tome, three passages were challenged as being potentially Nestorian, and their orthodoxy was defended by using the writings of Cyril.<sup id="cite_ref-romanity.org_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romanity.org-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to such concerns, the council decided to adjourn and appoint a special committee to investigate the orthodoxy of Leo's Tome, judging it by the standard of Cyril's Twelve Chapters, as some of the bishops present raised concerns about their compatibility. This committee was headed by Anatolius, Patriarch of Constantinople, and was given five days to carefully study the matter. The committee unanimously decided in favor of the orthodoxy of Leo, determining that what he said was compatible with the teaching of Cyril. A number of other bishops also entered statements to the effect that they believed that Leo's Tome was not in contradiction with the teaching of Cyril as well.<sup id="cite_ref-romanity.org_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romanity.org-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The council continued with Dioscorus' trial, but he refused to appear before the assembly. However, historical accounts from the Eastern Orthodox Church note that Dioscorus was put under solitary arrest. As a result, he was condemned, but by an underwhelming amount (more than half the bishops present for the previous sessions did not attend his condemnation), and all of his decrees were declared null. Empress Pulcheria (Marcian's wife) told Dioscorus "In my father's time, there was a man who was stubborn (referring to <a href="St._John_Chrysostom" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John Chrysostom">St. John Chrysostom</a>) and you are aware of what was made of him", to which Dioscorus famously responded "And you may recall that your mother prayed at his tomb, as she was bleeding of sickness". Pulcheria is said to have slapped Dioscorus in the face, breaking some of his teeth, and ordered the guards to confine him, which they did pulling his beard hair. Dioscorus is said to have put these in a box and sent them back to his Church in Alexandria noting "this is the fruit of my faith."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marcian responded by exiling Dioscorus.

</p><p>All of the bishops were then asked to sign their assent to the Tome, but a group of thirteen Egyptians refused, saying that they would assent to "the traditional faith". As a result, the Emperor's commissioners decided that a <i>credo</i> would indeed be necessary and presented a text to the fathers. No consensus was reached. Paschasinus threatened to return to Rome to reassemble the council in Italy. Marcian agreed, saying that if a clause were not added to the <i>credo</i>, the bishops would have to relocate. The Committee then sat in the oratory of the most holy martyr Euphemis and afterwards reported a definition of faith which while teaching the same doctrine was not the Tome of Leo.<sup id="cite_ref-sourcebook_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sourcebook-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Although it could be reconciled with Cyril's Formula of Reunion, it was not compatible in its wording with Cyril's Twelve Anathemas. In particular, the third anathema reads: "If anyone divides in the one Christ the <a href="Hypostasis_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypostasis (philosophy)">hypostases</a> after the union, joining them only by a conjunction of dignity or authority or power, and not rather by a coming together in a union by nature, let him be anathema." This appeared to some to be incompatible with Leo's definition of two natures <a href="Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">hypostatically joined</a>. However, the council would determine (with the exception of 13 Egyptian bishops) that this was an issue of wording and not of doctrine; a committee of bishops appointed to study the orthodoxy of the Tome using Cyril's letters (which included the twelve anathemas) as their criteria unanimously determined it to be orthodox, and the council, with few exceptions, supported this.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>It approved the creed of Nicaea (325), the creed of Constantinople (381; subsequently known as the Nicene Creed), two letters of Cyril against Nestorius, which insisted on the unity of divine and human persons in Christ, and the Tome of Pope Leo I confirming two distinct natures in Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acceptance">Acceptance</h2></div>

<p>The <a href="Dogmatic_definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogmatic definition">dogmatic definitions</a> of the council are recognized as normative by the <a href="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> and <a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> Churches, as well by certain other <a href="Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Churches</a>; also, most <a href="Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a> agree that the council's teachings regarding the <a href="Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> and the <a href="Incarnation#Christianity" title="Incarnation">Incarnation</a> are orthodox doctrine which must be adhered to. The council, however, is rejected by the <a href="Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a>, the latter teaching rather that "The Lord Jesus Christ is God the Incarnate <a href="Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Word</a>. He possesses the perfect Godhead and the perfect manhood. His fully divine nature is united with His fully human nature yet without mixing, blending or alteration."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Oriental Orthodox contend that this latter teaching has been misunderstood as <a href="Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">monophysitism</a>, an appellation with which they strongly disagree but, nevertheless, refuse to accept the decrees of the council.

</p><p>Many <a href="Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglicans</a> and most Protestants consider it to be the last authoritative ecumenical council.<sup id="cite_ref-Armentrout_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armentrout-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These churches, along with <a href="Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, hold that both conscience and scripture preempt doctrinal councils and generally agree that the conclusions of later councils were unsupported by or contradictory to scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Results">Results</h3></div>

<p>The Council of Chalcedon issued the <a href="Chalcedonian_Definition" title="Chalcedonian Definition">Chalcedonian Definition</a>, which repudiated the notion of a single nature in Christ, and declared that he has two natures in one person and <a href="Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">hypostasis</a>. It also insisted on the completeness of his two natures: <a href="Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead</a> and manhood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989167–178_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989167–178-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The council also issued 27 disciplinary canons governing church administration and authority. In a further decree, later known as canon 28, the bishops declared that the <a href="Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">See of Constantinople</a> (New Rome) had the patriarchal status with "equal privileges" (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τῶν ἴσων ἀπολαύουσαν</span></span> in Greek, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">aequalibus privilegiis</i></span> in Latin) to the <a href="Holy_See" title="Holy See">See of Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter84_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter84-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Noble214_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noble214-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No reference was made in Canon 28 to the bishops of Rome or Constantinople having their authority from being successors to Peter or Andrew respectively. Instead, the stated reasons in the actual text of the Canon that the episcopacy of these cities had been granted their status was the importance of these cities as major cities of the empire of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confession_of_Chalcedon">Confession of Chalcedon</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Chalcedonian_Definition" title="Chalcedonian Definition">Chalcedonian Definition</a></div>

<p>The Confession of Chalcedon provides a clear statement on the two natures of Christ, human and divine:<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We, then, following the holy Fathers, all with one consent, teach people to confess one and the same Son, our Lord Jesus Christ, the same perfect in Godhead and also perfect in manhood; truly God and truly man, of a reasonable [rational] soul and body; consubstantial [co-essential] with the Father according to the Godhead, and consubstantial with us according to the Manhood; in all things like unto us, without sin; begotten before all ages of the Father according to the Godhead, and in these latter days, for us and for our salvation, born of the Virgin Mary, the Mother of God, according to the Manhood; one and the same Christ, Son, Lord, only begotten, to be acknowledged in two natures, inconfusedly, unchangeably, indivisibly, inseparably; (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐν δύο φύσεσιν ἀσυγχύτως, ἀτρέπτως, ἀδιαιρέτως, ἀχωρίστως</span></span> – <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">in duabus naturis inconfuse, immutabiliter, indivise, inseparabiliter</i></span>) the distinction of natures being by no means taken away by the union, but rather the property of each nature being preserved, and concurring in one Person (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">prosopon</i></span>) and one Subsistence (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">hypostasis</i></span>), not parted or divided into two persons, but one and the same Son, and only begotten God (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μονογενῆ Θεόν</span></span>), the Word, the Lord Jesus Christ; as the prophets from the beginning [have declared] concerning Him, and the Lord Jesus Christ Himself has taught us, and the Creed of the holy Fathers has handed down to us.</p></blockquote>

<p>The full text of the definition reaffirms the decisions of the <a href="Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> and the pre-eminence of the <a href="Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed of Nicea</a> (325).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also canonises as authoritative two of <a href="Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a>'s letters and the Tome of Leo written against <a href="Eutyches" title="Eutyches">Eutyches</a> and sent to <a href="Archbishop_Flavian_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop Flavian of Constantinople">Archbishop Flavian of Constantinople</a> in 449.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canons">Canons</h3></div>

<p>The work of the council was completed by a series of 30 disciplinary <a href="Canon_law" title="Canon law">canons</a>, the Ancient <a href="Epitome" title="Epitome">Epitomes</a> of which are:<sup id="cite_ref-SevenCouncils_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SevenCouncils-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ol><li>The canons of every Synod of the holy Fathers shall be observed.</li>

<li>Whoso buys or sells an ordination, down to a Prosmonarius, shall be in danger of losing his grade. Such shall also be the case with go-betweens, if they be clerics they shall be cut off from their rank, if laymen or monks, they shall be anathematized.</li>

<li>Those who assume the care of secular houses should be corrected, unless perchance the law called them to the administration of those not yet come of age, from which there is no exemption. Unless further their Bishop permits them to take care of orphans and widows.</li>

<li>Domestic oratories and monasteries are not to be erected contrary to the judgment of the bishop. Every monk must be subject to his bishop, and must not leave his house except at his suggestion. A slave, however, can not enter the monastic life without the consent of his master.</li>

<li>Those who go from city to city shall be subject to the canon law on the subject.</li>

<li>In Martyries and Monasteries ordinations are strictly forbidden. Should any one be ordained therein, his ordination shall be reputed of no effect.</li>

<li>If any cleric or monk arrogantly affects the military or any other dignity, let him be cursed.</li>

<li>Any clergyman in an almshouse or monastery must submit himself to the authority of the bishop of the city. But he who rebels against this let him pay the penalty.</li>

<li>Litigious clerics shall be punished according to canon, if they despise the episcopal and resort to the secular tribunal. When a cleric has a contention with a bishop let him wait till the synod sits, and if a bishop have a contention with his metropolitan let him carry the case to Constantinople.</li>

<li>No cleric shall be recorded on the clergy-list of the churches of two cities. But if he shall have strayed forth, let him be returned to his former place. But if he has been transferred, let him have no share in the affairs of his former church.</li>

<li>Let the poor who stand in need of help make their journey with letters pacificatory and not commendatory: for letters commendatory should only be given to those who are open to suspicion.</li>

<li>One province shall not be cut into two. Whoever shall do this shall be cast out of the episcopate. Such cities as are cut off by imperial rescript shall enjoy only the honour of having a bishop settled in them: but all the rights pertaining to the true metropolis shall be preserved.</li>

<li>No cleric shall be received to communion in another city without a letter commendatory.</li>

<li>A Cantor or Lector alien to the sound faith, if being then married, he shall have begotten children let him bring them to communion, if they had there been baptized. But if they had not yet been baptized they shall not be baptized afterwards by the heretics.</li>

<li>No person shall be ordained deaconess except she be forty years of age. If she shall dishonour her ministry by contracting a marriage, let her be anathema.</li>

<li>Monks or nuns shall not contract marriage, and if they do so let them be excommunicated.</li>

<li>Village and rural parishes if they have been possessed for thirty years, they shall so continue. But if within that time, the matter shall be subject to adjudication. But if by the command of the Emperor a city be renewed, the order of ecclesiastical parishes shall follow the civil and public forms.</li>

<li>Clerics and Monks, if they shall have dared to hold conventicles and to conspire against the bishop, shall be cast out of their rank.</li>

<li>Twice each year the Synod shall be held wherever the bishop of the Metropolis shall designate, and all matters of pressing interest shall be determined.</li>

<li>A clergyman of one city shall not be given a cure in another. But if he has been driven from his native place and shall go into another he shall be without blame. If any bishop receives clergymen from without his diocese he shall be excommunicated as well as the cleric he receives.</li>

<li>A cleric or layman making charges rashly against his bishop shall not be received.</li>

<li>Whoever seizes the goods of his deceased bishop shall be cast forth from his rank.</li>

<li>Clerics or monks who spend much time at Constantinople contrary to the will of their bishop, and stir up seditions, shall be cast out of the city.</li>

<li>A monastery erected with the consent of the bishop shall be immovable. And whatever pertains to it shall not be alienated. Whoever shall take upon him to do otherwise, shall not be held guiltless.</li>

<li>Let the ordination of bishops be within three months: necessity however may make the time longer. But if anyone shall ordain counter to this decree, he shall be liable to punishment. The revenue shall remain with the <a href="Oikonomos" title="Oikonomos">œconomus</a>.</li>

<li>The œconomus in all churches must be chosen from the clergy. And the bishop who neglects to do this is not without blame.</li>

<li>If a clergyman elope with a woman, let him be expelled from the Church. If a layman, let him be anathema. The same shall be the lot of any that assist him.</li>

<li>The bishop of New Rome (Constantinople) shall enjoy the same privileges as the bishop of Old Rome, on account of the removal of the Empire. For this reason the [metropolitans] of Pontus, of Asia, and of Thrace, as well as the Barbarian bishops shall be ordained by the bishop of Constantinople.</li>

<li>He is sacrilegious who degrades a bishop to the rank of a presbyter. For he that is guilty of crime is unworthy of the priesthood. But he that was deposed without cause, let him be [still] bishop.</li>

<li>It is the custom of the Egyptians that none subscribe without the permission of their archbishop. Wherefore they are not to be blamed who did not subscribe the Epistle of the holy Leo until an archbishop had been appointed for them.</li></ol>

<p>Canon 28 grants equal privileges (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">isa presbeia</i></span>) to Constantinople as of Rome because Constantinople is the <a href="New_Rome" title="New Rome">New Rome</a> as renewed by canon 36 of the <a href="Quinisext_Council" title="Quinisext Council">Quinisext Council</a>. <a href="Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo</a> declared the canon 28 null and void and only approved the canons of the council which were pertaining to faith.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, the council indicated their understanding that Pope Leo's ratification was necessary for the canon to be binding,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> writing, "we have made still another enactment which we have deemed necessary for the maintenance of good order and discipline, and we are persuaded that your Holiness will approve and confirm our decree. ... We are confident you will shed upon the Church of Constantinople a ray of that Apostolic splendor which you possess, for you have ever cherished this church, and you are not at all niggardly in imparting your riches to your children. ... Vouchsafe then, most Holy and most Blessed Father, to accept what we have done in your name, and in a friendly spirit (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc">hos oikeia te kai phila</i></span>). For your legates have made a violent stand against it, desiring, no doubt, that this good deed should proceed, in the first instance, from your provident hand. But we, wishing to gratify the pious Christian emperors, and the illustrious Senate, and the capital of the empire, have judged that an Ecumenical Council was the fittest occasion for effecting this measure. Hence we have made bold to confirm the privileges of the aforementioned city (tharresantes ekurosamen) as if your holiness had taken the initiative, for we know how tenderly you love your children, and we feel that in honoring the child we have honored its parent. ... We have informed you of everything with a view of proving our sincerity, and of obtaining for our labors your confirmation and consent."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Leo's rejection of the canon, Bishop Anatolius of Constantinople conceded, "Even so, the whole force of confirmation of the acts was reserved for the authority of Your Blessedness. Therefore, let Your Holiness know for certain that I did nothing to further the matter, knowing always that I held myself bound to avoid the lusts of pride and covetousness."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Canon has since been viewed as valid by the Eastern Orthodox Church.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>According to some ancient Greek collections, canons 29 and 30 are attributed to the council: canon 29, which states that an unworthy bishop cannot be demoted but can be removed, is an extract from the minutes of the 19th session; canon 30, which grants the Egyptians time to consider their rejection of Leo's <i>Tome</i>, is an extract from the minutes of the fourth session.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In all likelihood an official record of the proceedings was made either during the council itself or shortly afterwards. The assembled bishops informed the pope that a copy of all the "Acta" would be transmitted to him; in March 453, Pope Leo commissioned Julian of Cos, then at Constantinople, to make a collection of all the Acts and translate them into Latin. Most of the documents, chiefly the minutes of the sessions, were written in Greek; others, e.g. the imperial letters, were issued in both languages; others, again, e.g. the papal letters, were written in Latin. Eventually nearly all of them were translated into both languages.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_status_of_the_sees_of_Constantinople_and_Jerusalem">The status of the sees of Constantinople and Jerusalem</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_status_of_Jerusalem">The status of Jerusalem</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Jerusalem in Christianity</a></div>

<p>The metropolitan of Jerusalem was given independence from the <a href="Patriarch_of_Antioch" title="Patriarch of Antioch">metropolitan of Antioch</a> and from any other higher-ranking bishop, given what is now known as <a href="Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephaly</a>, in the council's seventh session whose "Decree on the Jurisdiction of Jerusalem and Antioch" contains: "the bishop of Jerusalem, or rather the most holy Church which is under him, shall have under his own power the three Palestines".<sup id="cite_ref-SevenCouncils_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SevenCouncils-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to Jerusalem becoming a <a href="Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarchate</a>, one of the five patriarchates known as the <a href="Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">pentarchy</a>, when the title of <i>patriarch</i> was created in 531 by <a href="Justinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian">Justinian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, s.v. <i>patriarch (ecclesiastical)</i>, also calls it "a title dating from the 6th century, for the bishops of the five great sees of Christendom". Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> says: "Five patriarchates, collectively called the pentarchy, were the first to be recognized by the legislation of the emperor Justinian (reigned 527–565)".

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_status_of_Constantinople">The status of Constantinople</h3></div>

<p>In a canon of disputed validity,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Council of Chalcedon also elevated the See of Constantinople to a position "second in eminence and power to the <a href="Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter84_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter84-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Noble214_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noble214-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Council of Nicaea in 325 had noted that the Sees of <a href="Patriarch_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="Patriarch_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch of Alexandria">Alexandria</a> and <a href="Patriarch_of_Antioch" title="Patriarch of Antioch">Antioch</a> should have primacy over other, lesser dioceses. At the time, the See of Constantinople was not yet of ecclesiastical prominence, but its proximity to the Imperial court gave rise to its importance. The Council of Constantinople in 381 modified the situation somewhat by placing Constantinople second in honor, above Alexandria and Antioch, stating in Canon III, that "the bishop of Constantinople ... shall have the prerogative of honor after the bishop of Rome; because Constantinople is New Rome". In the early 5th century, this status was challenged by the bishops of Alexandria, but the Council of Chalcedon confirmed in Canon XXVIII:

</p>

<blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For the Fathers rightly granted privileges to the throne of old Rome, because it was the royal city. And the One Hundred and Fifty most religious Bishops, actuated by the same consideration, gave equal privileges (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἴσα πρεσβεῖα</span></span>) to the most holy throne of New Rome, justly judging that the city which is honoured with the Sovereignty and the Senate and enjoys equal privileges with the old imperial Rome, should in ecclesiastical matters also be magnified as she is, and rank next after her.<sup id="cite_ref-SevenCouncils_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SevenCouncils-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>In making their case, the council fathers argued that tradition had accorded "honor" to the see of older Rome because it was the first imperial city. Accordingly, "moved by the same purposes" the fathers "apportioned equal prerogatives to the most holy see of new Rome" because "the city which is honored by the imperial power and senate and enjoying privileges equaling older imperial Rome should also be elevated to her level in ecclesiastical affairs and take second place after her".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The framework for allocating ecclesiastical authority advocated by the council fathers mirrored the allocation of imperial authority in the later period of the <a href="Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. The Eastern position could be characterized as being political in nature, as opposed to a doctrinal view. In practice, all Christians East and West addressed the papacy as the See of Peter and Paul or the Apostolic See rather than the See of the Imperial Capital. Rome understands this to indicate that its precedence has always come from its direct lineage from the apostles Peter and Paul rather than its association with Imperial authority.

</p><p>After the passage of the Canon 28, Rome filed a protest against the reduction of honor given to Antioch and Alexandria. However, fearing that withholding Rome's approval would be interpreted as a rejection of the entire council, in 453 the pope confirmed the council's canons while declaring the 28th null and void. This position would change and later be accepted in 1215 at the <a href="Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consequences:_Chalcedonian_Schism">Consequences: Chalcedonian Schism</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Non-Chalcedonianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Chalcedonianism">Non-Chalcedonianism</a></div>

<p>The near-immediate result of the council was a major schism. The bishops who were uneasy with the language of Pope Leo's Tome repudiated the council, saying that the acceptance of two <i>physes</i> was tantamount to Nestorianism. Dioscorus of Alexandria advocated <a href="Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">miaphysitism</a> and had dominated the Council of Ephesus.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A schism occurred, whereby the <a href="Oriental_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Church">churches that rejected Chalcedon in favor of Ephesus</a> and <a href="Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">the rest of the Eastern Church</a> broke off from each other, the most significant among the former being the Church of <a href="Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, today known as the <a href="Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-georgetown2_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-georgetown2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rise of the "so-called" monophysitism in the East (as branded by the West) was incorrectly believed to be led by the Copts of Egypt. This must be regarded as the outward expression of the growing nationalist trends in that province against the gradual intensification of Byzantine imperialism, soon to reach its consummation during the reign of Emperor Justinian. However, the Coptic Orthodox Church is miaphysite, which means they believe that Jesus Christ is both 100% human and 100% divine but in one person without mingling, confusion or alteration. In every liturgy till this day, the Copts recite “Christ's divinity parted not from His humanity, not for a single moment nor a twinkling of an eye".<sup id="cite_ref-QA_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QA-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In <a href="Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, opponents starkly outnumbered adherents, as 30,000 Greeks of Chalcedonian persuasion were ranged against some five million <a href="Copts" title="Copts">Coptic</a> non-Chalcedonians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889249_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889249-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A significant effect on the Orthodox Christians in Egypt was a series of persecutions by the Roman (later, Byzantine) empire forcing followers of the Oriental Orthodox Church to claim allegiance to Leo's Tome, or Chalcedon. This led to the martyrdom, persecution and death of thousands of Egyptian saints and bishops till the Arab Conquest of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, The Council of Chalcedon is referred to as "Chalcedon, the Ominous" among Coptic Egyptians given how it led to Christians persecuting other Christians for the first time in history. Coptic Orthodox Christians continue to distinguish themselves from followers of Chalcedon to this day. Although the theological differences are seen as limited (if non-existent), it is politics, the subsequent persecutions and the power struggles in the Roman Empire, that may have led to the this schism, or at least contributed significantly to amplifying it through the centuries.

</p><p>The divisions in the Church weakened the Byzantine Empire's eastern provinces and helped ease the subsequent <a href="Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanian</a> and <a href="Arab_invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab invasions">Arab invasions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> attempted to bring those monks who still rejected the decision of the Council of Chalcedon into communion with the Chalcedonian church. The exact time of this event is unknown, but it is believed to have been between 535 and 548. <a href="Abraham_of_Farshut" title="Abraham of Farshut">Abraham of Farshut</a> was summoned to Constantinople and chose to bring with him four monks. Upon arrival, Justinian summoned them and informed them that they could either accept the decision of the council or lose their positions. Abraham refused to entertain the idea. <a href="Theodora_(wife_of_Justinian_I)" title="Theodora (wife of Justinian I)">Theodora</a> tried to persuade Justinian to change his mind, seemingly to no avail. Abraham himself stated in a letter to his monks that he preferred to remain in exile rather than subscribe to a faith contrary to that of <a href="Athanasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Athanasius">Athanasius</a>. They were not alone, and the non-Chalcedon churches compose <a href="Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a>, with the <a href="Patriarch_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch of Alexandria">Church of Alexandria</a> as their <a href="Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">primus inter pares</a>. Only in recent years has a degree of rapprochement between Chalcedonian Christians and the Oriental Orthodox been seen.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oriental_Orthodox_view">Oriental Orthodox view</h2></div>

<p>Plenty of Oriental Orthodox theologians,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> saints and modern clergy<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have affirmed that a real difference in the confessions of faith has taken place. Modern Coptic Orthodox Christians profess to be Miaphysites. This is reflected in the daily liturgical prayer “Christ's divinity parted not from His humanity, not for a single moment nor a twinkling of an eye".<sup id="cite_ref-QA_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QA-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liturgical_commemorations">Liturgical commemorations</h2></div>

<p>The <a href="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> commemorates the "Holy Fathers of the 4th Ecumenical Council, who assembled in Chalcedon" on the Sunday on or after July 13;<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Menaion_Greek_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menaion_Greek-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, in some places (e.g., Russia) on that date is rather a feast of the Fathers of the First Six Ecumenical Councils.<sup id="cite_ref-Menaion_Slavonic_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menaion_Slavonic-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>For both of the above complete <a href="Proper_(liturgy)" title="Proper (liturgy)">propers</a> have been composed and are found in the <a href="Menaion" title="Menaion">Menaion</a>.

</p><p>For the former "The Office of the 630 Holy and God-bearing Fathers of the 4th ... Summoned against the Monophysites Eftyches and Dioskoros" (despite the latter being <a href="Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">miaphysite</a> and not <a href="Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">monophysite</a>) was composed in the middle of the 14th century by <a href="Patriarch_Philotheus_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Philotheus I of Constantinople">Patriarch Philotheus I of Constantinople</a>. This contains numerous hymns exposing the council's teaching, commemorating its leaders whom it praises and whose prayers it implores, and naming its opponents pejoratively, e.g., "Come let us clearly reject the errors of ... but praise in divine songs the fourth council of pious fathers."<sup id="cite_ref-Menaion_Greek_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menaion_Greek-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>For the latter the propers are titled "We Commemorate Six Holy Ecumenical Councils".<sup id="cite_ref-Menaion_Slavonic_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menaion_Slavonic-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This repeatedly damns those anathematized by the councils with such rhetoric as "Christ-smashing deception enslaved Nestorius" and "mindless Arius and ... is tormented in the fires of Gehenna" while the fathers of the councils are praised and the dogmas of the councils are expounded in the hymns therein.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Pamphilus_the_Theologian" title="Pamphilus the Theologian">Pamphilus the Theologian</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Σύνοδος τῆς Χαλκηδόνος</span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Synodos tēs Chalkēdonos</i></span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canon 28: "[...] For the Fathers rightly granted privileges to the throne of old Rome, because it was the royal city. And the One Hundred and Fifty most religious Bishops, actuated by the same consideration, gave equal privileges to the most holy throne of New Rome, justly judging that the city which is honoured with the Sovereignty and the Senate, and enjoys equal privileges with the old imperial Rome, should in ecclesiastical matters also be magnified as she is, and rank next after her; so that, in the Pontic, the Asian, and the Thracian dioceses, the metropolitans only and such bishops also of the Dioceses aforesaid as are among the barbarians, should be ordained by the aforesaid most holy throne of the most holy Church of Constantinople; every metropolitan of the aforesaid dioceses, together with the bishops of his province, ordaining his own provincial bishops, as has been declared by the divine canons; but that, as has been above said, the metropolitans of the aforesaid Dioceses should be ordained by the archbishop of Constantinople, after the proper elections have been held according to custom and have been reported to him."</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Further definitions of the Council of Constantinople (381) can be found on <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_II/Volume_XIV/The_Fourth_Ecumenical_Council/The_Definition_of_Faith" class="extiw external" title="wikisource:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume XIV/The Fourth Ecumenical Council/The Definition of Faith">Wikisource</a>.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFMoffett1992" class="citation book cs1">Moffett, Samuel H. (1992). <i>A History of Christianity in Asia. Volume I: Beginnings to 1500</i>. HarperCollins. p. 219.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989287–289-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989287–289_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989287–289_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989287–289_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyendorff1989">Meyendorff 1989</a>, pp. 287–289.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1999" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Roger E. (1 April 1999). <i>The Story of Christian Theology: Twenty Centuries of Tradition Reform</i>. InterVarsity Press. p. 158. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8308-1505-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPriceGaddis2007" class="citation book cs1">Price, Richard; Gaddis, Michael (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-acts-of-the-council-of-chalcedon-translated-texts-for-historians-lup-volume-45/page/n57/mode/2up"><i>The Acts of the Council of Chalcedon</i></a>. Vol. 45. <a href="Liverpool_University_Press" title="Liverpool University Press">Liverpool University Press</a>. p. 42. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-84631-100-0</bdi>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4WG1MQEACAAJ">the original</a> on 25 December 2023.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Council-of-Chalcedon">"Council of Chalcedon | Description, History, & Significance"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03555a.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia: Council of Chalcedon"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWorthen2008" class="citation journal cs1">Worthen, Molly (12 May 2008). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640708000590">"The Chalcedon Problem: Rousas John Rushdoony and the Origins of Christian Reconstructionism"</a></span>. <i>Church History</i>. <b>77</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">399–</span>437. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0009640708000590">10.1017/s0009640708000590</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-6407">0009-6407</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153625926">153625926</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPelikan1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Pelikan, Jaroslav Jan (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christiantraditi00peli_0/page/262/mode/2up"><i>The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine</i></a>. Vol. 1: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100–600). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">262–</span>263. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-226-65370-9</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_PriceMichael_Gaddis2006" class="citation book cs1">Richard Price; Michael Gaddis (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6IUaOOT1G3UC&pg=PA94"><i>The Acts of the Council of Chalcedon</i></a>. Liverpool University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>5. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-85323-039-0</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210622173858/https://www.ecumenicalexaminer.com/great_schism.html">"Christianity's Great Schism of 1054 AD"</a>. <i>www.ecumenicalexaminer.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecumenicalexaminer.com/great_schism.html">the original</a> on 22 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2211-2685_eco_c358">"Chalcedon, Council of"</a></span>. <i>Encyclopedia of Christianity Online</i>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2211-2685_eco_c358">10.1163/2211-2685_eco_c358</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/speeches/1994/november/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19941111_dichiarazione-cristologica.html">Common Christological Declaration between the Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East</a>, Preamble, accessed 8 February 2022</span>

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<li id="cite_note-EB-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eutyches">"Eutyches | Biography, Eutychianism, Beliefs, & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05631a.htm">Chapman, John. "Eutyches." The Catholic Encyclopedia</a> Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 6 February 2019</span>

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<li id="cite_note-chapman-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chapman_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chapman_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05019a.htm">Chapman, John. "Dioscurus." The Catholic Encyclopedia</a> Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 8 February 2019</span>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McGuckin, John Anthony. <i>St. Cyril of Alexandria: The Christological Controversy</i>. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1994. p. 12 <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9789004099906</bdi></span>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHughes1954" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Philip (1954). <i>A Popular History of the Catholic Church</i>. Garden City, New York: Image Books (Doubleday). p. 37.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-SevenCouncils-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SevenCouncils_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SevenCouncils_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SevenCouncils_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SevenCouncils_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SevenCouncils_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF2-14/Npnf2-14-59.htm#P3825_663549">"NPNF2-14. The Seven Ecumenical Councils | Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. Ccel.org. 1 June 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-jchap-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jchap_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05495a.htm">Chapman, John. "Robber Council of Ephesus." The Catholic Encyclopedia</a> Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 9 February 2019</span>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCenter_for_the_Preservation_of_Ancient_Religious_Texts" class="citation book cs1">Center for the Preservation of Ancient Religious Texts, B. Y. U. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DriverHodgson1925TheBazaarOfHeracleides"><i>The Bazaar Of Heracleides</i></a>. pp. 343, 362.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.earlychurchtexts.com/public/flavian_appeal_to_leo.htm">"Flavian - Appeal to Leo"</a>. <i>www.earlychurchtexts.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Frend%2C_W._H._C." class="mw-redirect" title="Frend, W. H. C.">Frend, W. H. C.</a>, <i>The Rise of the Monophysite Movement</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1972, pp. 41–43</span>

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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07348b.htm">Kirsch, Johann Peter. "Pope Saint Hilarus." The Catholic Encyclopedia</a> Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 9 February 2019</span>

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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613053629/http://cfpeople.org/Books/Pope/POPEp46.htm">"St. Hilary"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfpeople.org/Books/Pope/POPEp46.htm">the original</a> on 13 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cross, F.L.; Livingstone, E.A., eds. (1974). "<i>Latrocinium</i>". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Britannica-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Council-of-Chalcedon">"Council of Chalcedon | Christianity"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i>. 15 April 1955<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Schaefer-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schaefer_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03555a.htm">Schaefer, Francis. "Council of Chalcedon." The Catholic Encyclopedia</a> Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 8 February 2019</span>

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<li id="cite_note-sourcebook-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sourcebook_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sourcebook_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sourcebook_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/chalcedon.asp">"Internet History Sourcebooks"</a>. <i>sourcebooks.fordham.edu</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-romanity.org-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-romanity.org_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-romanity.org_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Romanides1964" class="citation journal cs1">John Romanides (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romanity.org/htm/rom.08.en.st._cyrils_one_physis_or_hypostasis_of_god_the_log.htm">"St. Cyril's "One Physis or Hypostasis of God the Logos Incarnate" and Chalcedon"</a>. <i>Greek Orthodox Theological Review</i>. <b>X</b>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>History of the Coptic Church</i>, Father Menassa Yuhanna</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTadros1993" class="citation web cs1">Tadros, Y. Malaty (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copticchurch.net/topics/thecopticchurch/Intro_to_the_Coptic_Church_fr_yacoub_malaty.pdf">"Introduction to the Coptic Church"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.copticchurch.net</i>. p. 71. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060622192628/http://www.copticchurch.net/topics/thecopticchurch/Intro_to_the_Coptic_Church_fr_yacoub_malaty.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romanity.org/htm/rom.06.en.orthodox_and_oriental_orthodox_consultation.htm#m7">"Orthodox And Oriental Orthodox Consultation"</a>. <i>Romanity.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.suscopts.org/q&a/index.php?qid=733&catid=270">"Questions and Answers by His Grace Bishop Youssef"</a>. <i>suscopts</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Armentrout-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Armentrout_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_S._ArmentroutRobert_Boak_Slocum2005" class="citation book cs1">Donald S. Armentrout; Robert Boak Slocum (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y_RpbmWNfHcC&q=Chalcedon+catholic+anglican+eastern&pg=PA81"><i>An Episcopal dictionary of the church</i></a>. Church Publishing Incorporated. p. 81. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-89869-211-3</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141015021608/http://www.learn.columbia.edu/ma/htm/sw/ma_sw_prim_ecumen_council.htm">"Ecumenical Council"</a>. <i>columbia.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learn.columbia.edu/ma/htm/sw/ma_sw_prim_ecumen_council.htm">the original</a> on 15 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989167–178-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989167–178_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyendorff1989">Meyendorff 1989</a>, pp. 167–178.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:1-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The canon in the original language can be seen here: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://earlychurchtexts.com/main/chalcedon/canons_of_chalcedon_03.shtml">https://earlychurchtexts.com/main/chalcedon/canons_of_chalcedon_03.shtml</a>. English translation available here: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://earlychurchtexts.com/public/chalcedon_canons.htm">https://earlychurchtexts.com/public/chalcedon_canons.htm</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwerin, Philip, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://essays.wls.wels.net/bitstream/handle/123456789/3512/SchwerinBishop.pdf">How the Bishop of Rome Assumed the Title of "Vicar of Christ"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170805133528/http://essays.wls.wels.net/bitstream/handle/123456789/3512/SchwerinBishop.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-08-05 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 3, "Leo believed that in him was the voice of Peter. The Fourth Ecumenical Council at Chalcedon in 451 declared that Constantinople had the same patriarchal status as Rome (28th canon), a statement with which Leo never agreed, and which he even tried to declare invalid. When Leo tried to reinstate a defrocked French bishop, St. Hilary who presided over the Gallican Church as Supreme Pontiff, told Leo to keep his Roman nose out of French affairs. Leo's aspirations were strongly opposed, especially by the patriarch of Constantinople. Yet through him the papacy still gained some ground."</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Bokenkotter84-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter84_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter84_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBokenkotter2004" class="citation book cs1">Bokenkotter, Thomas (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00boke/page/84"><i>A Concise History of the Catholic Church</i></a></span>. Doubleday. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00boke/page/84">84</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-385-50584-1</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Noble214-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Noble214_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noble214_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNobleStrauss2005" class="citation book cs1">Noble, Thomas; Strauss, Barry (2005). <i>Western Civilization</i>. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 214. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-618-43277-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychurchtexts.com/main/chalcedon/chalcedonian_definition.shtml">"Chalcedonian Definition"</a>. <i>Earlychurchtexts.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03555a.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia: Council of Chalcedon"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Migne, Jacquies Paul, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9fgQAAAAYAAJ"><i>Patrologia Latina</i>, 54</a>, 1038 & 1143</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2004" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Art (2004). <i>A Response to 'Evangelicals, Catholics, and Unity'</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Opp. S. Leonis, Ep. 98. [23] Ep. 101. [24] Ep. 132. [25] Ep. 100. 232, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.clerus.org/bibliaclerusonline/en/ui.htm">http://www.clerus.org/bibliaclerusonline/en/ui.htm</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To Leo, Epistle 132</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ware, Kallistos, <i>The Orthodox Church</i>. New Edition. Penguin Books. 1997. p. 26</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils</i>, Vol. 1, ed. Norman P. Tanner, S.J. (1990), pp. 75–76.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.homolaicus.com/storia/medioevo/pentarchia/pentarchia.htm">"L'idea di pentarchia nella cristianità"</a>. <i>Homo laicus</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP_f9icf2roC"><i>Encyclopedia of World Religions</i></a>. Merriam-Webster. 1999. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-87779044-0</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130110112941/http://www.aoiusa.org/canon-28-and-eastern-papalism-cause-or-effect/">"Canon xxviii & eastern papalism: cause or effect?"</a>. AOI USA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aoiusa.org/canon-28-and-eastern-papalism-cause-or-effect/">the original</a> on 10 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils</i>, ed. Norman P. Tanner, SJ, pp. 99–100.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFof_Antinoes2013" class="citation web cs1">of Antinoes, His Eminence Metropolitan Panteleimon (14 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orthodoxpath.org/catechisms-and-articles/council-of-chalcedon-451ad/">"Council of Chalcedon 451 ad"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Latrocinium." Cross, F. L., ed. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-georgetown2-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-georgetown2_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111220145046/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/egypt">"Egypt"</a>. <a href="Berkley_Center_for_Religion%2C_Peace%2C_and_World_Affairs" title="Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs">Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/egypt">the original</a> on 20 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite> See drop-down essay on "Islamic Conquest and the Ottoman Empire"</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-QA-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-QA_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-QA_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.suscopts.org/q&a/index.php?qid=918&catid=279">"Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States - Q&A"</a>. <i>suscopts.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFButler1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Alfred_J._Butler" title="Alfred J. Butler">Butler, Alfred Joshua</a> (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arabconquestofeg00butl"><i>The Arab conquest of Egypt and the last thirty years of the Roman dominion</i></a>. The Library of Congress. Oxford, Clarendon Press.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFrancesca_Aran_Murphy2015" class="citation book cs1">Francesca Aran Murphy (2015). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Christology</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 146. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780191061677</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fr. Shenouda M. Ishak, Christology and the Council of Chalcedon.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPetrosyan1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Petrosyan, Yeznik (1995). <i>The Christology of the Armenian Church</i> (in Armenian). Holy Etchmiadzin.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235329/http://www.anastasis.org.uk/holy_fathers.htm">"On the Sunday of the Holy Fathers of the 4th Ecumenical Council, who assembled in Chalcedon"</a>. <i>Liturgical Texts – Menaion – July – Holy Fathers</i>. Anastasis – The Home Page of Archimandrite Ephrem. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anastasis.org.uk/holy_fathers.htm">the original</a> on 30 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Menaion_Greek-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Menaion_Greek_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Menaion_Greek_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130831165440/http://analogion.gr/glt/texts/Jul/13-19.uni.htm">"TA ΜΗΝΑΙΑ – Ιούλιος – Τῇ Κυριακῇ τῶν ἁγίων Πατέρων τῆς Δ' Οἰκουμενικῆς Συνόδου, τῶν ἐν Χαλκηδόνι συνελθόντων"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://analogion.gr/glt/texts/Jul/13-19.uni.htm">the original</a> on 31 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Menaion_Slavonic-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Menaion_Slavonic_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Menaion_Slavonic_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthlib.info/Menaia/Rjadovaja-Minea/11-July/jul16.pdf">"Богослужебные тексты – Рядовая Минея – Июль – 16 июля: Священномученика Афиногена и десяти учеников его. Святые отцов шести Вселенских соборов"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927172719/http://www.orthlib.info/Menaia/Rjadovaja-Minea/11-July/jul16.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Council_of_Chalcedon" class="extiw external" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a>". <i><a href="Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

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<ul><li><a href="Edward_Walford" title="Edward Walford">Edward Walford</a>, translator, <i>The Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius: A History of the Church from AD 431 to AD 594</i>, 1846. Reprinted 2008. Evolution Publishing, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-889758-88-6</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evolpub.com/CRE/CREseries.html#CRE5">The Christian Roman Empire series</a></li>

<li>Bindley, T. Herbert and F. W. Green, <i>The Oecumenical Documents of the Faith</i>. 2nd ed. London: Methuen, 1950.</li>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFGrillmeier1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Aloys_Grillmeier" title="Aloys Grillmeier">Grillmeier, Aloys</a> (1975) [1965]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LH-cBwmmY2cC"><i>Christ in Christian Tradition: From the Apostolic Age to Chalcedon (451)</i></a> (2nd revised ed.). Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780664223014</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGwynn2009" class="citation book cs1">Gwynn, David M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C121DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">"The Council of Chalcedon and the Definition of Christian Tradition"</a>. <i>Chalcedon in Context: Church Councils 400–700</i>. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">7–</span>26. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781846316487</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li>Hefele, Charles Joseph. <i>A History of the Councils of the Church from the Original Documents</i>. 5 vols. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1883. (Our topic is located in vol. 3)</li>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFLouth2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Andrew_Louth" title="Andrew Louth">Louth, Andrew</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C121DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA107">"Why Did the Syrians reject the Council of Chalcedon?"</a>. <i>Chalcedon in Context: Church Councils 400–700</i>. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">107–</span>116. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781846316487</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="John_Meyendorff" title="John Meyendorff">Meyendorff, John</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qfRCAAAAIAAJ"><i>Orthodoxy and Catholicity</i></a>. New York: Sheed & Ward.</cite></li>

<li>Meyendorff, John, <i>Christ in Eastern Christian Thought</i> (Washington D.C.: Corpus Books, 1969).</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="John_Meyendorff" title="John Meyendorff">Meyendorff, John</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ"><i>Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D.</i></a> Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-88-141056-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPriceGaddis2005a" class="citation book cs1">Price, Richard; Gaddis, Michael, eds. (2005a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6IUaOOT1G3UC&pg=PR3"><i>The Acts of the Council of Chalcedon</i></a>. Vol. 1. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780853230397</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPriceGaddis2005b" class="citation book cs1">Price, Richard; Gaddis, Michael, eds. (2005b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6IUaOOT1G3UC&pg=PP9"><i>The Acts of the Council of Chalcedon</i></a>. Vol. 2. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780853230397</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPriceGaddis2005c" class="citation book cs1">Price, Richard; Gaddis, Michael, eds. (2005c). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F9Q6swEACAAJ"><i>The Acts of the Council of Chalcedon</i></a>. Vol. 3. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPrice2009a" class="citation book cs1">Price, Richard (2009a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C121DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA70">"The Council of Chalcedon (451): A Narrative"</a>. <i>Chalcedon in Context: Church Councils 400–700</i>. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">70–</span>91. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781846316487</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPrice2009b" class="citation book cs1">Price, Richard (2009b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C121DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92">"Truth, Omission, and Fiction in the Acts of Chalcedon"</a>. <i>Chalcedon in Context: Church Councils 400–700</i>. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">92–</span>106. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781846316487</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRoueché2009" class="citation book cs1">Roueché, Charlotte (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C121DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA169">"Acclamations at the Council of Chalcedon"</a>. <i>Chalcedon in Context: Church Councils 400–700</i>. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">169–</span>177. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781846316487</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li>Sellers, R.V., <i>Two Ancient Christologies</i> (London: SPCK, 1940)</li>

<li>Sellers, R.V., <i>The Council of Chalcedon: A Historical and Doctrinal Survey</i>, (London, SPCK, 1953).</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWhitby2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Michael_Whitby" title="Michael Whitby">Whitby, Michael</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C121DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA178">"An Unholy Crew? Bishops Behaving Badly at Church Councils"</a>. <i>Chalcedon in Context: Church Councils 400–700</i>. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">178–</span>196. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781846316487</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dge.cchs.csic.es/dge-i/lst-trad/Bookzz/Price%20-%20Gaddis%202007.pdf">Acts of the Council of Chalcedon</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140211072052/http://ixoyc.net/data/Fathers/624.pdf">archive</a>)</li>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ecumenical_councils680" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ecumenical_councils680" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> (325)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a> (381)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus</a> (431)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Constantinople II</a> (553)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Constantinople III</a> (680–681)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Nicaea II</a> (787)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Recognized by the<br>Catholic Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Constantinople IV</a> (869–870)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">Lateran I</a> (1123)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Lateran II</a> (1139)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Lateran III</a> (1179)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a> (1215)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Vienne</a> (1311–1312)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Council_of_Constance" title="Council of Constance">Constance</a> (1414–1418)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Basel-Florence</a> (Basel/Lausanne: 1431–1449;<sup id="cite_ref-note_n0_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n0-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferrara/Florence: 1438–1445)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Fifth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fifth Council of the Lateran">Lateran V</a> (1512–1517)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a> (1545–1563)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> (1869–1870)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> (1962–1965)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognized by the<br><span class="nowrap"><a href="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Eastern_Orthodox)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)"><i>Constantinople IV</i> (879–880)</a>*</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="Fifth_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Fifth Council of Constantinople">Constantinople V</a></i> (1341–1351)*</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognized by the<br><a href="Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> (325)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a> (381)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus</a> (431)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Second_Council_of_Ephesus" title="Second Council of Ephesus">Ephesus II</a> (449)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Third_Council_of_Ephesus" title="Third Council of Ephesus">Ephesus III</a> (475)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognized by the<br><a href="Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> (325)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a> (381)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Council_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a> (410)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Synod_of_Beth_Lapat" title="Synod of Beth Lapat">Synod of Beth Lapat</a> (484)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Ancient_church_councils_(pre-ecumenical)" title="Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical)">Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical)</a> (<a href="Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">50</a>/155–<a href="Synod_of_Arles#Council_of_Arles_in_314" title="Synod of Arles">314</a>)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a> (180–)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">State church of the Roman Empire</a> (<a href="Edict_of_Thessalonica" title="Edict of Thessalonica">380</a>–)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Quinisext_Council" title="Quinisext Council">Quinisext Council</a> (692)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Synod_of_Jassy" title="Synod of Jassy">Synod of Jassy</a> (1642)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Synod_of_Jerusalem_(1672)" title="Synod of Jerusalem (1672)">Synod of Jerusalem</a> (1672)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Phyletism" title="Phyletism">Synod of Constantinople</a> (1872)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Conference_of_Addis_Ababa" title="Conference of Addis Ababa">Conference of Addis Ababa</a> (1965)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Pan-Orthodox_Council" title="Pan-Orthodox Council">Pan-Orthodox Council</a> (2016)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* Ecumenical status disputed within the Eastern Orthodox Church.

<li id="cite_note-note_n0-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note_n0_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Even though the Council was moved to Ferrara in 1438 and later to Florence, some bishops refused to move and remained in a parallel Council at Basel.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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<ul><li><a href="Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li>

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<ul><li><a href="Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li>

<li><a href="The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br>(<a href="Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br>(<a href="Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br>Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>

<ul><li><a href="Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology</a></li>

<li><a href="Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li>

<li><a href="Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li>

<li><a href="Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li>

<li><a href="Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li>

<li><a href="Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li>

<li><a href="Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li>

<li><a href="Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>

<ul><li><a href="Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li>

<li><a href="Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li>

<li><a href="First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a>

<ul><li><a href="First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li>

</ul></li>

<li><a href="Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li>

<li><a href="East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li>

<li><a href="Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li>

<li><a href="Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li>

<li><a href="Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li>

<li><a href="Thirty_Years'_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li>

<li><a href="Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li>

<li><a href="Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br>(<a href="List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li>

<li><a href="Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a> (<a href="Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a>

<ul><li><a href="Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li>

<li><a href="Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li>

<li><a href="Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li>

<li><a href="Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li>

<li><a href="Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li>

<li><a href="Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li>

<li><a href="Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li>

<li><a href="Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li>

<li><a href="Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li>

<li><a href="Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li>

<li><a href="Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li>

<li><a href="Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a>

<ul><li><a href="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jehovah's_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li>

<li><a href="Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li>

<li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a></li>

<li><a href="Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li>

<li><a href="Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li>

<li><a href="Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li>

<li><a href="Divine_apathy" title="Divine apathy">Divine apathy</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li>

<li><a href="Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li>

<li><a href="One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li>

<li><a href="People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li>

<li><a href="Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit</a></li>

<li><a href="Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Final Judgement</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li>

<li><a href="God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li>

<li><a href="Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Good_works" title="Good works">Good works</a></li>

<li><a href="Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a>

<li><a href="Holy_water" title="Holy water">Holy water</a></li>

<li><a href="Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Kingdom of God (Christianity)">Kingdom of God</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li>

<li><a href="Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">of Christ</a></li>

<li><a href="Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mortification_in_Catholic_theology" title="Mortification in Catholic theology">Catholic</a></li>

<li><a href="Mortification_of_the_flesh" title="Mortification of the flesh">Of the flesh</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li>

<li><a href="Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">Old Covenant</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Views</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li>

<li><a href="Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li>

<li><a href="Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a>

<ul><li><a href="Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li>

<li><a href="Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li>

<li><a href="Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li>

<li><a href="Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li>

<li><a href="Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li>

<li><a href="Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li>

<li><a href="Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li>

<li><a href="Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Eternal_sin" title="Eternal sin">Eternal sin</a></li>

<li><a href="Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sin</a></li>

<li><a href="Sins_that_cry_to_Heaven_for_Vengeance" title="Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance">Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance</a></li>

<li><a href="Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li>

<li><a href="Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_values" title="Christian values">Values</a></li>

<li><a href="Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_mortgage" title="Social mortgage">Social mortgage</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_destination_of_goods" title="Universal destination of goods">Universal destination of goods</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a>

<ul><li><a href="Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Christian_worldview" title="Christian worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br>features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Alcohol</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a>

<ul><li><a href="Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li>

<li><a href="God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li>

<li><a href="Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Atonement" title="Atonement">Atonement</a></li>

<li><a href="Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Lists of cathedrals</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Crucifix" title="Crucifix">Crucifix</a></li>

<li><a href="Cupio_dissolvi" title="Cupio dissolvi">Cupio dissolvi</a></li>

<li><a href="Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Catechesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li>

<li><a href="Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Catholic priest</a></li>

<li><a href="Folk_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Christianity">Folk Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="Pastor" title="Pastor">Pastor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Fallen_woman" title="Fallen woman">Fallen woman</a>

<ul><li><a href="Magdalene_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalene asylum">Magdalene asylum</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Flagellant" title="Flagellant">Flagellant</a></li>

<li><a href="Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a>

<ul><li><a href="Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li>

<li><a href="Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></li>

<li><a href="Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li>

<li><a href="Introit" title="Introit">Introit</a></li>

<li><a href="Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">Psalm</a></li>

<li><a href="Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li>

<li><a href="Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li>

<li><a href="Redemptive_suffering" title="Redemptive suffering">Redemptive suffering</a></li>

<li><a href="Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-flagellation" title="Self-flagellation">Self-flagellation</a></li>

<li><a href="Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li>

<li><a href="Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li>

<li><a href="Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_supremacy" title="Christian supremacy">Supremacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Terrorism</a></li>

<li><a href="Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li>

<li><a href="World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">... and Islam</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">... and other religions</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">... and violence</a></li>

<li><a href="Christians" title="Christians">... as an ethnicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Jesus</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li>

<li><a href="Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li>

<li><a href="Nominal_Christian" title="Nominal Christian">Nominal Christian</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_views_on_love" title="Religious views on love">Religious views on love</a></li>

<li><a href="Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li>

<li><a href="Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="Christianity and homosexuality">Views on homosexuality</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AChristianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity692" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_of_Christianity692" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of theology</a></li>

<li><a href="Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity of the Bible</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">List of martyrs</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Centuries9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br>Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and<br>Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li>

<li><a href="Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology of Jesus</a>

<ul><li><a href="Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">birth</a></li>

<li><a href="Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">baptism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">ministry</a></li>

<li><a href="Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion</a></li>

<li><a href="Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">ascension</a></li>

<li><a href="Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">historical Jesus</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li>

<li><a href="Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_Christianity" title="Jewish Christianity">Jewish Christianity</a>

<ul><li><a href="Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li>

<li><a href="Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene<br>period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a>

<ul><li><a href="Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li>

<li><a href="Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li>

<li><a href="Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li>

<li><a href="Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>

<ul><li><a href="Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li>

<li><a href="Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li>

<li><a href="Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li>

<li><a href="Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li>

<li><a href="Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li>

<li><a href="Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li>

<li><a href="Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li>

<li><a href="First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a>

<ul><li><a href="Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li>

<li><a href="Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li>

<li><a href="Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a><br>(<a href="Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Peace_and_Truce_of_God" title="Peace and Truce of God">Peace and Truce of God</a></li>

<li><a href="Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li>

<li><a href="Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li>

<li><a href="Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a>

<ul><li><a href="Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li>

<li><a href="Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li>

<li><a href="Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li>

<li><a href="Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li>

<li><a href="Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li>

<li><a href="Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li>

<li><a href="Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li>

<li><a href="Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern<br>Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li>

<li><a href="Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a>

<ul><li><a href="Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li>

<li><a href="Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgaria</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbia</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li>

<li><a href="Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li>

<li><a href="Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus'" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li>

<li><a href="Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li>

<li><a href="Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li>

<li><a href="Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li>

<li><a href="Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li>

<li><a href="Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li>

<li><a href="Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li>

<li><a href="Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li>

<li><a href="Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li>

<li><a href="Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li>

<li><a href="Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li>

<li><a href="Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li>

<li><a href="Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a>

<li><a href="John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li>

<li><a href="Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li>

<li><a href="Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li>

<li><a href="Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br>and<br><a href="History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li>

<li><a href="Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li>

<li><a href="Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li>

<li><a href="Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li>

<li><a href="Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li>

<li>Literature</li>

<li><a href="Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li>

<li><a href="Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li>

<li><a href="Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li>

<li><a href="Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li>

<li><a href="Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li>

<li><a href="Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li>

<li><a href="Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li>

<li><a href="Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li>

<li><a href="Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li>

<li><a href="Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a><br>(<a href="Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li>

<li><a href="Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li>

<li><a href="Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li>

<li><a href="Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li>

<li><a href="English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li>

<li><a href="King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li>

<li><a href="Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li>

<li><a href="Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li>

<li><a href="Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li>

<li><a href="Martyrs'_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li>

<li><a href="Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>

<ul><li><a href="Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li>

<li><a href="Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li>

<li><a href="Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li>

<li><a href="Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li>

<li><a href="Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li>

<li><a href="Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Jehovah's_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li>

<li><a href="Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li>

<li><a href="Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li>

<li><a href="Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li>

<li><a href="Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li>

<li><a href="Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li>

<li><a href="Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li>

<li><a href="Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li>

<li><a href="Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li>

<li><a href="Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_Church1469" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div id="Catholic_Church1469" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Index_of_Catholic_Church_articles" title="Index of Catholic Church articles">Index</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Glossary of the Catholic Church">Glossary</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_Catholics" title="Lists of Catholics">Lists of Catholics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a><br><small><a href="Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a><br><a href="Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a><br><a href="Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li>

<li><a href="Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li>

<li><a href="Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a>

<ul><li><a href="Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li>

<li><a href="Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>

<ul><li><a href="Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li>

<li><a href="Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li>

<li><a href="First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a>

<ul><li><a href="First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li>

</ul></li>

<li><a href="Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li>

<li><a href="Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li>

<li><a href="Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li>

<li><a href="Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li>

<li><a href="East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li>

<li><a href="Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li>

<li><a href="Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li>

<li><a href="Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li>

<li><a href="Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li>

<li><a href="Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li>

<li><a href="Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Thirty_Years'_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li>

<li><a href="Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li>

<li><a href="Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li>

<li><a href="Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li>

<li><a href="Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a><br><small><a href="Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a><br><a href="Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a><br><i><a href="Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General125" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li>

<li><a href="Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li>

<li><a href="Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li>

<li><a href="Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li>

<li><a href="Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li>

<li><a href="Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li>

<li><a href="Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li>

<li>Official Bible

<ul><li><a href="Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li>

<li><a href="Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li>

<li><a href="Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a>

<ul><li><a href="One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li>

<li><a href="People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li>

<li><a href="Churches_Militant%2C_Penitent%2C_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy%2C_theology%2C_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li>

<li><a href="Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li>

<li><a href="Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li>

<li><a href="Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a>

<ul><li><a href="Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li>

<li><a href="Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li>

<li><a href="Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li>

<li><a href="Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li>

<li><a href="Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li>

<li><a href="Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li>

<li><a href="Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li>

<li><a href="Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li>

<li><a href="Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy%2C_theology%2C_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li>

<li><a href="Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a>

<ul><li><a href="Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a>

<ul><li><a href="Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a>

<li><a href="Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li>

<li><a href="Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li>

<li><a href="Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li>

<li><a href="Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li>

<li><a href="Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li>

<li><a href="Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li>

<li><a href="Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation<br><small><a href="Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a><br><a href="Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a><br><a href="Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a><br><a href="Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a><br><a href="Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br>(<a href="List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li>

<li><a href="College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a>

<li><a href="Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li>

<li><a href="Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li>

<li><a href="Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li>

<li><a href="St._Peter's_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li>

<li><a href="Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li>

<li><a href="Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li>

<li><a href="Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a>

<ul><li><a href="Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li>

<li><a href="Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li>

<li><a href="Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li>

<li><a href="Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li>

<li><a href="Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li>

<li><a href="Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li>

<li><a href="Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li>

<li><a href="Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li>

<li><a href="Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li>

<li><a href="Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li>

<li><a href="Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li>

<li><a href="Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li>

<li><a href="Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a>

<ul><li><a href="Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li>

<li><a href="Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li>

<li><a href="Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li>

<li><a href="Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a>

<ul><li><a href="Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a>

<li><a href="Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li>

<li><a href="Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a>

<ul><li><a href="Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li>

<li><a href="Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li>

<li><a href="Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a><br><i><a href="Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>

<ul><li><a href="Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li>

<li><a href="Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li>

<li><a href="Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li>

<li><a href="Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li>

<li><a href="Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li>

<li><a href="Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li>

<li><a href="Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li>

<li><a href="Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li>

<li><a href="Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li>

<li><a href="Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li>

<li><a href="Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li>

<li><a href="Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li>

<li><a href="East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a>

<ul><li><a href="Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li>

<li><a href="Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li>

<li><a href="Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a>

<li><a href="Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li>

<li><a href="Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li>

<li><a href="Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a>

<ul><li><a href="Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li>

<li><a href="Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li>

<li>Music</li>

<li><a href="Orders%2C_decorations%2C_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li>

<li><a href="Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li>

<li><a href="Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a>

<ul><li><a href="Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li>

<li><a href="Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vatican_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Press">Vatican Press</a></li>

<li><i><a href="L'Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>,<br><a href="Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li>

<li><a href="Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li>

<li><a href="Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li>

<li><a href="Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li>

<li><a href="Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li>

<li><a href="Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li>

<li><a href="Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li>

<li><a href="Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li>

<li><a href="Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li>

<li><a href="Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li>

<li><a href="Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li>

<li><a href="Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li>

<li><a href="Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li>

<li><a href="Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li>

<li><a href="Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li>

<li><a href="Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li>

<li><a href="Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li>

<li><a href="Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li>

<li><a href="Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li>

<li><a href="Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li>

<li><a href="Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li>

<li><a href="Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li>

<li><a href="Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li>

<li><a href="Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li>

<li><a href="Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li>

<li><a href="Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li>

<li><a href="Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations<br>of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a>

<li><a href="Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Marian</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Youth</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a>

<ul><li><a href="Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li>

<li><a href="Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a>

<ul><li><a href="Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Discalced</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Saint Francis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Military_order_(religious_society)#International" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li>

<li><a href="Fimcap" title="Fimcap">Fimcap</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Charismatic Renewal</a></li>

<li><a href="Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li>

<li><a href="Community_of_Sant'Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a></li>

<li><a href="Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">Scouting</a></li>

<li><a href="Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li>

<li><a href="Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li>

<li><a href="Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></li>

<li><a href="Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Charities_USA" title="Catholic Charities USA">Catholic Charities USA</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Home_Missions" title="Catholic Home Missions">Home Missions</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Relief Services</a></li>

<li><a href="CIDSE" title="CIDSE">CIDSE</a></li>

<li><a href="Pax_Christi" title="Pax Christi">Pax Christi</a></li>

<li><a href="Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a><br></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Schools</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">Universities</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ACatholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Catholic_Church891" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div id="History_of_the_Catholic_Church891" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> of the <a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a>

<ul><li>By country or region</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a>

<ul><li><a href="First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a>

<ul><li><a href="Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li>

<li><a href="Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a>

<li><a href="Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li>

<li><a href="Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li>

<li><a href="Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a><br>(30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and<br><a href="Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li>

<li><a href="Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li>

<li><a href="Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li>

<li><a href="John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li>

<li><a href="Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a>

<ul><li><a href="Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li>

<li><a href="Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li>

<li><a href="Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li>

<li><a href="Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>

<ul><li><a href="Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li>

<li><a href="Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li>

<li><a href="Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>

<ul><li><a href="Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li>

<li><a href="Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li>

<li><a href="Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li>

<li><a href="Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li>

<li><a href="Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li>

<li><a href="Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br>(313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)108" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a><br>(180–451)<br><a href="State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman<br>state church</a><br>(380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>

<ul><li><a href="Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li>

<li><a href="Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_St._Peter's_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li>

<li><a href="Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li>

<li><a href="Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li>

<li><a href="Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li>

<li><a href="Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li>

<li><a href="Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li>

<li><a href="Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li>

<li><a href="Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li>

<li><a href="Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li>

<li><a href="Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li>

<li><a href="Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li>

<li><a href="East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li>

<li><a href="Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li>

<li><a href="The_clash_between_the_Church_and_the_Empire" title="The clash between the Church and the Empire">Clash against the empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li>

<li><a href="Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li>

<li><a href="Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li>

<li><a href="Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li>

<li><a href="Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li>

<li><a href="Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li>

<li><a href="Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li>

<li><a href="Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li>

<li><a href="Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li>

<li><a href="Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li>

<li><a href="Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></li>

<li><a href="Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li>

<li><a href="Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a><br><a href="Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li>

<li><a href="Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li>

<li><a href="Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li>

<li><a href="Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li>

<li><a href="Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li>

<li><a href="Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li>

<li><a href="John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li>

<li><a href="Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li>

<li><a href="European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Thirty_Years'_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the<br><a href="French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li>

<li><a href="Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li>

<li><a href="Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li>

<li><a href="Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li>

<li><a href="Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li>

<li><a href="Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li>

<li><a href="Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li>

<li><a href="Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li>

<li><a href="Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li>

<li><a href="Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li>

<li><a href="Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li>

<li><a href="Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a>

<li><a href="Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li>

<li><a href="Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Laudato_si'" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li>

<li><a href="Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AVatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ACatholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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